Tā měitiān dōu huì qù jiànshēn fáng.
He goes to the gym every day.
The sentence pattern is 'Subject + Time + 都 + 会/去/做 + Verb + Object'. '都' is used to indicate that the action is always or usually done, and can be followed by a verb or an adjective.
他 (tā): he每天 (měitiān): every day都 (dōu): always会 (huì): to do去 (qù): to go健身房 (jiànshēn fáng): gym
Wǒ kěyǐ hē shuǐ ma?
May I have some water?
This sentence uses the modal verb '可以' to request permission to drink water. The question particle '吗' is used at the end of the sentence to indicate a question.
我 (wǒ): I可以 (kěyǐ): may/can喝水 (hē shuǐ): to drink water吗 (ma): question particle
Zhège hànzì shì shénme yìsi?
What does this Chinese character mean?
This sentence uses the question word '什么' (shénme) to ask for the meaning of a word and the verb '是' (shì) to indicate that the subject and object are the same thing.
这个 (zhège): this汉字 (hànzì): Chinese character是 (shì): is什么 (shénme): what意思 (yìsi): meaning
Zhè shì wǒde shū.
This is my book.
In this sentence, we see the verb 是 (shì) being used to indicate identity or sameness. The structure is: Noun + 是 + Possessive / Description. Note that in Chinese, the possessive 'my' (我的) is placed before the noun, and descriptions (such as 'big' or 'happy') always come after the noun.
这 (zhè): this是 (shì): is我的 (wǒde): my书 (shū): book
Tā de gōngzuò máng dé méi shíjiān qù lǚyóu.
She is too busy with work to have time to travel.
In this sentence, the adjective '忙' is used to describe the state of being busy. '没时间' is a Chinese expression indicating the lack of time, and it should be placed before the verb. The sentence structure is 'Subject + Adjective + 没时间 + verb + Object'.
她的 (tā de): her工作 (gōngzuò): work忙 (máng): busy没有时间 (méi yǒu shíjiān): no time去旅游 (qù lǚyóu): to travel